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The SWT Library Eclipse not only has an excellent Java IDE, but with SWT and JFace it also provides libraries that can serve as a replacement for the Java AWT and Swing. The Java AWT implements its own GUI elements and graphics operations in Java and C. Swing builds on this basis with a pure Java implementation of more advanced GUI elements. In contrast, SWT is not much more than a platform-independent interface to the host windowing system (Figure 8.1). In most cases, the SWT classes simply delegate the various method calls to the functions of this native windowing system. To do so, SWT uses the Java Native Interface (JNI), which allows C programs to be invoked from Java. Using this technology, it was possible to implement most of the SWT in Java; only a small native library is required. The advantage of this concept is that, because of the close integration with the host operating system, the look and feel and the responsiveness of SWT-implemented applications are no different than in native applications. For Java this could mean a breakthrough on the desktop. Although the performance of Swing has improved with Java 1.4, Java applications that rely on Swing are still unable to match native applications in presentation quality and responsiveness. 8 Operating system sun.awt java.awt Swing Operating system Windowing system SWT JNI JFace Figure 8.1
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As an example, I have declared JavaCC as an external tool. In addition, on the Common page I have marked External Tools in the Display in Favorites Menu list. This allows you to call this tool conveniently with the Run > External Tools > Java CC function in the following calls to JavaCC. I have also removed the mark from the Launch in Background option because this tool is needed in the foreground. 136 Chapter 7 Figure 7.4 Summary In this chapter you have learned how to connect a CVS to Eclipse. You should have an understanding of the core concepts of working with a CVS and how development in a team and version management take place in the context of Eclipse. A second topic was the embedding of external tools into Eclipse, so that you can continue using some of your favorite development tools within the Eclipse workspace. In the next chapter I will turn to a major component of the Eclipse platform, the Standard Widget Toolkit (SWT). By using this component within your own applications, you can implement native user interfaces with Java and forget Swing.
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Other Functions Besides the context functions of the Team group, there are some more context functions that refer to repositories, for example, the comparison functions Compare With > Latest From, Compare With > Another Branch or Version, Replace With > Latest From, or Replace With > Another Branch or Version. In addition, there is a Team group in the preferences (Window > Preferences > Team). Here you can set several options for the CVS. For example, you can set the content type (ASCII or binary) for different file types, and you can exclude specific file types from the repository. Using the Export > Team Project Set and Import > Team Project Set functions, you can exchange whole sets of projects with other team members. To do so, first call the Export function. In the dialog that appears, mark all projects that you wish to pass on to others. The result is a .psf file, which must be stored in a location accessible to other team members. Your peers will then specify this file during import. Eclipse will then construct the reference projects in the workspace and will populate these projects with resources from the repository. Optionally, you can create a Working Set for these imported projects. It may be necessary to adapt the Java Build Paths of the imported projects. External Tools Eclipse allows you to embed external tools (i.e., tools that were not developed as plug-ins for Eclipse). All you have to do is to create a configuration for the external tool. To do so, invoke the Run > External Tools > External Tools menu function. In the dialog that appears (see Figure 7.4), you will find two configuration types: ANT-Build and Program. (Ant is discussed in more detail in Chapter 12.) Select the Program type and press the New button. Now you can enter the parameters of the new configuration, such as the name of the configuration, the location of the external tool, the working directory, and possible command-line options (arguments). Refresh On the Refresh page you can specify whether, and which, workspace resources should be refreshed after the tool has executed. This is necessary if the tool modifies the Eclipse workspace, that is, if it inserts, modifies, or deletes resources. You can specify in which scope the resources should be refreshed: the selected resource only, all resources in the current folder or project, and so on. Environment On the Environment page you can specify the operating system environment variables required by the external tool. Associations Another method for embedding external programs is to define file associations. In the Associations section in Chapter 4 I demonstrated how an external HTML editor can be embedded into the Eclipse workbench. 135 Advanced Topics of Project Development
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Figure 7.3 The Compare Editor shows the difference between the local workspace and the central repository. Here I have applied a modification to the PlayerTest.java file. In the upper window this file is embellished with an arrow to the right, indicating an outgoing change. The lower windows show the local version (left) and the repository version (right). You can edit the local version to resolve conflicts. Generally, you have the following possibilities for resolving a conflict: . Discard your own modifications and copy the new central version into the workbench. Your own code is lost! . Force your own version on the repository (but you should ask team members for permission). Other people s code is lost! . Manually merge the local version with the repository version. . Merge the local version with the repository version using the automated merge. . Open a new development branch (Team > Branch). The local version becomes the root of a new branch. Later you can merge this branch with the trunk. . Finally, you have the option to extract the local changes as a patch and send it to another team member. This team member can apply the patch and include it in the central version. Eclipse provides the necessary functions to extract patches (Team > Create Patch) and to apply patches to resources (Team > Apply Patch). If you don t want to fall out with other team members, you should use this option (delegating work to others) only if you do not have the necessary access rights to apply the changes yourself. 2. Finally, invoke the Commit function to write the local version to the repository. 134 Chapter 7
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Version Management Now you can mark the current project state as Version 1. It is this function that makes a CVS interesting even for a sole developer. Without a CVS, Eclipse cannot manage project versions. Select all Java files from the DukeSpeaks project. Apply the Team > Tag as Version context function to this selection. Then enter the version number. You should apply this function only to files that you have previously synchronized with Team > Commit. In this case, however, you might just as well apply the function on the project itself, and thus on all source files in the project. In principle, working on a repository-based project is no different from working on a private project. All modifications are applied to the local resources without accessing the repository. The local resources are synchronized with the resources in the repository only when you apply the Team > Commit context function to selected resources. Resources that were changed since the last synchronization with the repository are prefixed with a > character in the explorer. Working in a Team When several developers work on the same project, not only may the local version be newer than the central version, but the reverse situation is also possible if resources were changed and committed by other team members. You should always first import the changes made by other team members into your local project before committing your changes to the repository. You can do this import with the Team > Update function. In cases where several team members work simultaneously with the same resource, it may happen that the resource gets changed by more than one team member. Here, we differentiate between three conflict types: . Case 1: No conflict. Either the local or the central copy of the file was changed, but not both. . Case 2: A conflict that can be resolved by automatic merging. This works only if the same lines of code have not been modified in both the local and the central version. . Case 3: A conflict that can only be resolved manually. Here the resource contains lines that were modified in both the local and the central version. The various functions for synchronization of resources react differently under these different conflict cases. The Update function, for example, replaces the local copy in any case with the central copy. However, in cases 2 and 3, the previous local version is saved under a modified name as a backup. In case 3, the function adds comments to the file to make the conflicts visible. The Synchronize function, in contrast, opens the Compare Editor (see Figure 7.3). There is even a specific Team Synchronizing Perspective that can be opened in the usual way: 1. After you press the Synchronize CVS tool button in the Synchronize View, the type of conflict is shown here for each resource. You may then apply an appropriate context function to a selected resource. With Override and Update you can resolve conflict cases of types 1 and 2. Type 3 cases, however, need manual treatment. For this purpose you must invoke the Open in Compare Editor function (Figure 7.3). Here, you can apply the necessary changes. 133 Advanced Topics of Project Development
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Projects in the Repository If you want to share a project with a team, you need to apply the Team > Share Project context function to the project. In the dialog that appears, select a repository from the list. After pressing the Next button, you can select a CVS module in the next step. If you leave the Use Project Name as Module Name option marked, depending on the system used it may be necessary to create such a directory beforehand by executing an appropriate command in the host operating system. For example, if you want to create a directory for the DukeSpeaks project in cvsnt, you would use the command cvs import DukeSpeaks bdaum start Details about this command-line syntax are found in the manuals of the respective repository systems. Alternatively, you can mark the Use an Existing Module option and select an existing module from the list. In the next step, just leave the HEAD entry selected. After all, you are creating a new main project and not a development branch of an existing project. Then press the Next button again. The project is now compared with the repository content. The next wizard page shows the changes that will be applied to the repository. Just press the Finish button to commit them. Then switch back to the CVS Repository Perspective to view the results (see Figure 7.2). In this case, the repository is located on the same host computer (localhost) as Eclipse. 132 Chapter 7 Figure 7.2
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Eclipse offers its own perspective for managing connected repositories (yes, there may be more than one repository connected to Eclipse). You can open the CVS Repository Exploring Perspective with Window > Open Perspective > Other > CVS Repository Exploring. In the CVS Repositories View, you can now invoke the New > Repository Location context function. In the dialog shown in Figure 7.1, you need to specify the domain name of the host computer, the access protocol, the absolute path of the repository s root directory and, if necessary, a user name and a password. In this case, the repository is located on the same host computer (localhost) as Eclipse. After you press Finish, the new repository appears in the CVS Repositories View. 131 Advanced Topics of Project Development Figure 7.1 Please note that the pserver protocol is inherently unsafe. Eclipse also supports the safe extssh protocol, since Eclipse 3 also improved its implementation of the SSH2 protocol version. The necessary controls are found under Window > Preferences >Team > CVS > Ext Connection Method and Window > Preferences > Team > CVS > SSH2 Connection Method. In addition to these external repositories, Eclipse comes with a simple default repository based on the file system of the host platform. However, this default repository does not support version management.
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However, such an optimistic concept allows conflicts. Such conflicts must be resolved. For example, if the local copy of a resource and its original version in the central repository have both been modified since the last synchronization, simply replacing the central copy with the local copy would cause a loss of information. In such a case, the CVS offers several strategies for resolving the conflict. For example, it is possible to merge both copies either manually or automatically. Another option is to open a new development branch. The initial code base of the project forms the trunk, or HEAD, of a development tree with many possible branches. Later, these different branches can be brought together with the help of the previously mentioned conflict solution strategies (see the Working in a Team section). In addition, the CVS allows software artifacts to be given version numbers. Eclipse builds on this facility. Eclipse supports the version management known from Visual Age only if Eclipse collaborates with a CVS. In addition to explicit version numbers, the CVS uses internal revision numbers to uniquely identify each change in the central repository. The CVS stores the complete history of a software artifact. This allows the comparison of a given software artifact with previous versions and revisions at any time or its replacement with a previous version or revision. This feature can be very helpful, especially for maintenance and debugging. Detailed information about the CVS can be found in the books Open Source Projects with CVS by Fogel and Essential CVS by Vesperman, and on the CVS Web site under www.cvshome.org. Setting Up a Repository It is a prerequisite for working in a team under Eclipse that the Eclipse workbenches of all team members have access to the central repository. Since Eclipse by default supports the CVS access protocol, direct access is possible to the following systems: . Concurrent Versions System (CVS) for Linux/Unix from CVS version 1.11.1p1 onward. This CVS server is freeware and can be downloaded from www.cvshome.org. . CVS for Windows is also freeware and can be downloaded from www.cvsnt.org. However, cvsnt is not officially supported by Eclipse, since it does not have the same maturity and robustness as the CVS for Linux or Unix. If you want to use it anyway, version 1.11.1.1 or later is recommended. At the time of this writing there was no information about the compatibility of Eclipse 3 with the new CVS version 2. You can get up-to-date information about CVS versions and compatibility issues in the Eclipse CVS FAQ that are accessible via Help > Help Contents > Workbench User Guide > Reference > Team support with CVS > CVS. In addition to these popular CVSs, there are some commercial systems, too, that support central code management, such as Borland StarTeam, Microsoft Visual Source Safe, and Rational ClearCase. The community page on www.eclipse.org lists on the Projects & Plugins page under the Team Repository Providers section quite a few commercial repository providers. Special plug-ins connect these repositories with Eclipse. Now, how do you connect Eclipse with a repository? Let s assume that you have already installed a CVS. In the following scenario I assume that the root directory of the repository was created and initialized under C:cvseclipse. I further assume that the repository is accessed via the pserver protocol. 130 Chapter 7
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Advanced Topics of Project Development In this chapter I will briefly discuss how development teams can organize their work by using a CVS repository with Eclipse. I will also show how external tools can be embedded into Eclipse. Developing in a Team In this book, I want to take only a short excursion into Eclipse s support for development teams. Detailed information can be found in the Eclipse help pages under Workbench User Guide > Tasks > Working in the Team Environment. Different concepts exist for working collaboratively on the same project. These concepts range from sequential or semi-sequential workflow-oriented techniques to completely synchronous techniques such as Microsoft s NetMeeting. Eclipse uses the CVS concept (Concurrent Versions System) by default. CVS is an Open Source project that has practically become the de facto standard for the collaborative development of software projects. The CVS is based on a central repository. However, the individual members of the development team work on their own local copies of the repository content. In fact, they are able to work only on these local copies. For resolving clashes, the CVS uses an optimistic concept: it assumes that the same software artifact is only rarely modified simultaneously by multiple team members. Therefore, the software artifacts even if they are currently being worked on are not locked against the access of other team members. All team members continue to have access to the central repository, may own a local copy of any artifact in the central repository, and may modify this local copy without restrictions. From time to time, the local copies are synchronized with the copies in the central repository. Usually, only the central repository is updated with the newest versions. Some care should be taken when doing so. Since software artifacts are usually highly dependent on each other, the global repository should be updated only when the local resources are in a consistent state, for example, when the project s test suite was executed without errors. 7
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Summary In this chapter you have learned how both local and remote Java programs can be debugged with Eclipse. You should now be able to set, remove, and configure breakpoints, to view and modify variables, and to step through a program. I have also introduced you to the creation of JUnit test cases and the creation of Javadoc program documentation. Again, the support of JUnit is an important aspect of Eclipse s support for Extreme Programming. In the next chapter I will explore some advanced topics such as teamwork, version management, and the embedding of external tools. 128 Chapter 6
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