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. Extract Method. The function Refactor > Extract Method encapsulates the selected code into a new method definition. Eclipse performs a data flow control analysis for the selected code section. From that it determines the parameters and the result type of the new method. The new method is inserted behind the current method, and the selected code is replaced by a corresponding method call. In some cases, however, it is not possible to apply this function, for example, if there are multiple result values of the selected code section. In cases where the function cannot be applied, Eclipse tells you the reason for the rejection. Here is an example. In the following method we select the bold line and apply the Extract Method function: public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(”Hello World”); System.out.println(”Hello Eclipse”); } In the dialog that appears, specify helloEclipse as the name for the new method, and you will receive the following: public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(”Hello World”); helloEclipse(); } public static void helloEclipse() { System.out.println(”Hello Eclipse”); } This function detects all occurrences in the current compilation unit where such a substitution can be applied. You can apply the substitution to the current selection only or to all matching occurrences. Vice-versa, you can resolve methods by applying the function Refactor > Inline. Factory . Introduce Factory. Using the function Refactor > Introduce Factory … you can generate a static factory method from a given constructor. At the same time, all calls to this constructor are replaced by calls to the new factory method. Types and Classes . Extract Interface.With the function Refactor > Extract Interface you can generate a corresponding interface for an existing class. For example, if you select the class name HelloWorld and invoke this function, you are asked for a name for the new interface. If you enter IHelloWorld and press OK, a Java interface IHelloWorld is generated and the class definition of HelloWorld is completed with the clause implements IHelloWorld. In addition, Eclipse determines which references to HelloWorld can be replaced with a reference to the interface IHelloWorld. As it happens, the interface generated in this example is empty, because the class HelloWorld contains only static methods. . Generalize Type. When you select a type name and invoke this function, a dialog with the hierarchy of supertypes appears. You may select one from the tree to replace the originally selected type name. 40 Chapter 2
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. Renaming compilation units and types. Similarly, you can rename compilation units and types by invoking the context function Refactor > Rename . Figure 2.7 shows the dialog for renaming a compilation unit. In addition to updating references in the code, it is also possible to update references in Javadoc comments, normal comments, and string literals. 39 Effective Programming with Eclipse Figure 2.7 Refactoring Code In addition to classes and interfaces, there are many more possibilities for code refactoring. You can invoke these functions from the source editor s context menu, from the context menu of the Outline view (see the Outline View section in Chapter 4), or from the main menu of the workbench. Methods . Rename. Nearly everything can be renamed with the function Refactor > Rename : classes and interfaces, methods, fields, parameters, and local variables. References to the renamed elements are updated accordingly. If fields are renamed and if the fields have access methods (get () and set ()), the method names are updated, too. . Move. Static methods (and, with some restrictions, also instance methods) can be moved into other classes with the function Refactor > Move References to these methods are updated accordingly. Public static constants (public static final) and inner classes can be moved, too. . Pull Up. Non-static methods and fields can be moved into super classes by applying the function Refactor > Pull up. . Change Method Signature. The function Refactor > Change Method Signature allows you to change a method s access modifier, its result type, the order, names, and types of its parameters, and the exception declarations. References to the method are updated accordingly. When new parameters are introduced into the method, it is necessary to define a default value for each new parameter. This default value is inserted as the value for the new parameter when the corresponding method calls are updated. . Introduce Parameter. This function can be used to introduce a new parameter into a method declaration. To do so, select an expression within the method declaration and apply the function. In the dialog that appears, enter the name of the new parameter. Eclipse will then replace the selected expression with the parameter name, complete the method head with the new parameter, and expand all method calls with the selected expression.
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Refactoring Code Modifications of existing programs usually take a lot of time and may introduce new bugs. Even the simple renaming of a type may affect dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of other compilation units. In such cases the computer is superior to the human, and consequently Eclipse offers a rich set of refactoring utilities. The purpose of refactoring is to improve the structure of the code without modifying the behavior of the application. Especially in the context of Extreme Programming (XP) refactoring plays a major role. In Eclipse, refactoring is achieved by applying Refactor > … context functions or by using the Refactor > … menu functions from the main menu. The context functions are context sensitive; that is, only those functions are visible that are applicable in a given context. Eclipse newbies may therefore want to use the Refactor > … function group from the main menu in order to gain an overview about the available functions. Modifying Types Modifications at the type level (classes and interfaces) are best applied in the Package Explorer. The context menu of the Package Explorer offers some functions under the subtitle Refactor, such as Refactor > Move and Refactor > Rename. In addition is it possible to create a copy of a type by using the context function Copy. . Moving a compilation unit. Let s assume that you are not happy with the current location of the HelloWorld class in the default package of the project. Instead, you would like to create a new package named HelloPackage and move the class HelloWorld into it. Just create a new package in the usual way (the Create a Java Package button). Then select the HelloWorld compilation unit in the Package Explorer. From the context menu select the function Refactor > Move . The dialog that appears contains another small package explorer. Here, you expand the HelloWorld project by clicking the + character, and then select the package HelloPackage as the move target. Once you click OK, the HelloWorld compilation unit is moved into the target package. The source code of HelloWorld now contains the line package HelloPackage; Should other compilation units contain references to the HelloWorld type, these references would be updated accordingly. You can inhibit this by removing the checkmark from UpdateReferences to Moved Element(s). Optionally, you may even update reference in non-Java files. As a matter of fact, you can also move a compilation unit by a simple drag-and-drop operation with the mouse. You could have just dragged the HelloWorld compilation from the default package into the package HelloPackage and dropped it there. But in larger projects where packages may have a large distance between them, the context function Refactor > Move usually works better. . Moving a type. Similarly, you can move types (classes and interfaces) within a compilation unit. For example, you can drag the class symbol (the green circle with the C) onto another class symbol. The dragged class thus becomes an inner class of the target class. However, in this case the original version of the dragged class remains at its original position, too, so this is a copy function rather than a move. 38 Chapter 2
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The alternative to this editor context function is hyperlinks: Just press the Ctrl key and move the cursor above the String type reference. This type reference now appears in blue and is underlined it has become a hyperlink. By clicking it you open the definition of java.lang.String. . Open Type Hierarchy. This function opens a special browser window that will appear in front of the Package Explorer. The new window shows the type hierarchy for the selected type. I will discuss this browser in detail in Chapter 4. . Open Call Hierarchy. This function opens a special browser window that will appear in front of the Intro View. The new window shows the call hierarchy for the selected method. . Open Super Implementation. This function opens the super implementation of the selected method, i.e., its implementation in the parent class or the next ancestor class. . Show in Package Explorer. This function synchronizes the Package Explorer with the current editor window (see the Packages section in Chapter 4). These functions are also available from the workbench s menu bar, under the Navigate title. Here you find additional navigation functions such as: . Back. This function works like the Back button in web browsers. . Forward. This function works like the Forward button in web browsers. . Last Edit Location. This function navigates back to the last location where you modified code. . Go to Line … . This function allows you to jump to a source code line with the specified number. . Next Annotation. This takes you to the next source code annotation, such as a syntax error. . Previous Annotation. This takes you to the previous source code annotation. Most of these functions can be invoked via toolbar buttons, too. Figure 2.6 shows that you can jump to the most recently edited code location with the Last Edit Location button. Two more buttons allow you to step backward and forward in the navigation history of visited code locations. The Show Source of Selected Element button can isolate elements (methods or field definitions) in the editor window. 37 Effective Programming with Eclipse Show Source of Selected Element Only Next Annotation Previous Annotation Last Edit Location Back Forward Figure 2.6
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Figure 2.5 Syntax Coloring Finally, you should take a look at the options for syntax coloring. Different colors and font styles can be assigned to different elements in Java programs so that the readability of programs is improved. You can configure this feature under Window > Preferences > Java > Editor on the Syntax page. The Enable Advanced Highlighting option lets you switch to a very differentiated syntax coloring mode. Source Code Navigation In large projects it is essential to have good navigation tools at hand. Eclipse offers some of them as an editor context function (right mouse click): . Open Declaration. This function opens the definition of the selected type in the editor. The shortcut is to press F3. 36 Chapter 2
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In the context of an if-statement you will, of course, get different proposals, such as to add an elseblock or to remove the if-statement. Similar functions are available for for- and while blocks. Convenience Functions of the Java Editor Eclipse’s Java Editor comes with a variety of convenience functions that make code easier to type and to read. In the following sections I will present some of them. Typing Aids Under Preferences > Java > Editor on the Typing page, you can activate or deactivate a variety of typing aids. The Java editor is, for example, able to close open parentheses or brackets automatically. It can include string literals in quotes automatically and can wrap the text within Javadoc and other comments. The function Wrap Java Strings is also nice. In our HelloWorld example program, just place the cursor between Hello and World and press Enter. The result is the syntactically correct expression System.out.println(”Hello ” + “World”); However, these functions are active only when the editor is in the Smart Insert mode. By pressing the Insert key repeatedly, or by clicking the corresponding field in the status line, you can switch among the Smart Insert, Overwrite, and Insert modes. By the way, you can completely switch off the Overwrite mode for the Java editor! Code Folding Another nice function of the Java editor is the possibility to collapse code sections and to expand them again. This is achieved with the help of the small arrows at the second vertical ruler at the left of the editor area (see Figure 2.5). An arrow pointing downward indicates an expanded section of code. When you hover with the mouse above this arrow, Eclipse will show how far this section stretches. By clicking the arrow you can collapse this code section. The arrow then changes its shape and points to the right. If you now hover above the arrow, a pop-up window shows the content of the collapsed code section. Click the arrow again, and the code section expands again. Under Window > Preferences > Java > Editor on the Folding page you can enable or disable this function, and you can control which code parts should be displayed in a collapsed state initially. In this program both the listAllVoices and main() methods and the group of import statements are collapsed. The mouse hovers over the arrow symbol at the import group, so that the import statements are displayed in a pop-up window. 35 Effective Programming with Eclipse
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Figure 2.3 In Figure 2.3 you see the Correction Assistant in action. The erroneous class name system is underlined in red. On the left you see the yellow lightbulb. Clicking the lightbulb opens a pop-up window with various suggestions. The pop-up window on the right shows what the code will look like if you opt to change the name to System. You can switch off the Correction Assistant under Preferences > Java > Editor on the Annotations page. Quick Assist Ctrl+1 works even without an error being present. In this case the function is called QuickAssist, and it is a useful function for code transformation and completion. The function depends on the context. For example, if you position the cursor on the parameter of a method declaration and press Ctrl+1 (or click the green lightbulb that mysteriously appeared on the left margin of the editor), various functions will become available for selection, including the function Assign Parameter to New Field. If you select this function, Eclipse will generate an assignment directly after the method header, assigning the parameter to a newly declared field. In Figure 2.4 you can see that the QuickAssist facility makes a suggestion for assigning parameter args to a static field. Since the field doesn t exist yet, a field declaration is proposed as well. 34 Chapter 2 Figure 2.4
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Generate Constructor . Generate Constructor Using Fields. In the dialog that appears you may select from a list of instance fields. The constructor is then generated with the corresponding parameters and assignment statements. i18n . Externalize Strings. This function supports the internationalization of applications. We will discuss this in detail under Internationalizing Products in Chapter 12. . Generate Delegate Methods. This function can be applied to all non-primitive fields and replicates the methods of the field s type within the class or interface that contains the selected field. The Correction Assistant Even before you compile a program by invoking the Save function, the editor tells you how bad a programmer you are. Erroneous expressions are underlined in red as probably happened to you in school. (The same metaphor is used by some word processors.) So even before compiling a program, you can notice faulty expressions such as a missing bracket or semicolon, so that you can react accordingly. QuickFix Depending on the skills of the programmer, you may also occasionally see a yellow lightbulb in the left margin of the source editor. This function is called QuickFix, and it signals that Eclipse has at least one correction proposal for the programmer s mistake. In fact, there are only a few error types where Eclipse loses its wits and is unable to offer a QuickFix proposal. To activate the QuickFix function, click the yellow lightbulb. (The same function can be invoked by pressing Ctrl+1 when the cursor is above the faulty line.) You try it. Say you purposely make a mistake and write only printl() instead of println(). Immediately you will see a yellow lightbulb on the left margin (Figure 2.3). One of the advantages of the Correction Assistant is the fast feedback it gives to the program author. This immediate response to a mistake should trigger a learning effect in the programmer, making the same mistake less likely the next time. However, you may also use the Correction Assistant to save some typing. For example, when you write some code and refer to a method that has not yet been written, a simple click on the yellow lightbulb that appears allows you to generate a stub for the missing method instantly. 33 Effective Programming with Eclipse
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Overriding Methods . Override Methods. This function first shows a selection list for all inherited methods. In this list you can check all methods that you want to override, and Eclipse will generate method stubs for all of them. This function is particularly useful if the class implements one or several interfaces. In such a case, you simply invoke this function and check all the methods of the interface (if they are not already checked). Then simply complete the generated method stubs. Encapsulating Fields . Generate Getter and Setter. This function generates access methods for class fields. For example, if a class contains the field definition private String hi; invoking this function would result in the following generated methods: /** * Returns the hi. * @return String */ public String getHi() { return hi; } /** * Sets the hi. * @param hi The hi to set */ public void setHi(String hi) { this.hi = hi; } However, this function does not change existing references to the encapsulated field. If you want to change these references, too, you are better off using the Refactor > Encapsulate Field context function. Alternatively, you may use the Content Assistant to generate a getter or setter. Just type get or set and press Ctrl+Spacebar. Creating Delegate Methods . Generate Delegate Methods. This function can be applied to non-primitive fields and replicates the method of the field s type in the containing type. Inheriting Constructors . Add Constructors from Superclass. This function generates proxies for the inherited constructors. These proxies contain only a super() call. Of course, you can then modify the generated proxies to override the behavior of the constructor. 32 Chapter 2
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Other Functions of Code Completion Apart from the Code Assistant, which appears either automatically after entering an activation character or when pressing Ctrl+Spacebar, there are a few more context functions for code completion. Take a look at how you can use these functions to create Javadoc comments. Creating Javadoc In our HelloWorld example program, just place the cursor into the main method and invoke the function Source > Add Javadoc Comment. This will insert the comment lines /** * Method main. * @param args */ in front of the method. The only thing that remains to do is to complete this description. An even simpler method for creating a Javadoc comment is to open a new line in front of the method and to enter the string /** and then press the Enter key. The Source context submenu contains more useful functions for code completion: Comment Out Code . Toggle Comment. Using this function, you can convert the current line or the selected lines into comment lines (//) or convert comment lines into active code. . Add/Remove Block Comment. Using this function, you can convert selected code sections into block comments (/* */) or remove the comment characters around the selected section. Importing Types . Organize Imports. This function analyzes the whole program and inserts the required import statements at the beginning of the program. Should this function discover equally named types from different packages during this task, it will prompt you with a list of those packages. You must then select the required type from this list. . Add Import. This function inserts an import statement for the selected type name at the beginning of the program. Similarly to the Organize Imports function, this function will prompt you for type selection if it discovers equally named types from different packages. Under Window > Preferences > Java > Code Style > Organize Imports you can specify a threshold value for single type import statements. If the program contains more import types from a given package than what were specified under this threshold value, the import statements for this package will be combined into a single import statement by using wildcards (as in eclipse.org.*). The default threshold value is 99. 31 Effective Programming with Eclipse
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