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Summary From this chapter you should have acquired a more detailed knowledge of the Eclipse workbench. You should now know what perspectives are and how they are used. You should know the difference between searching and finding, and you should have an understanding of the workspace concept and of Eclipse resources. In the next chapter you will apply this knowledge by implementing a larger example. 72 Chapter 4
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Right. Something like this was mentioned in the FreeTTS installation guide. Copy the speech .properties file from FreeTTS into one of the directories mentioned in the error message and execute the program again. You should hear Hello, World! provided of course, that your computer is equipped with a sound card and the speakers are connected . The Java Browsing Perspective The Java Browsing Perspective delivers a slightly different view of the structure of a Java project and is reminiscent of Visual Age. You can install this perspective by clicking the Open a Perspective button (see the Hello World section in Chapter 1). From the list select Java Browsing.The Java Browsing Perspective (Figure 4.15) provides four windows at the top where you can select projects, packages, types, and methods or fields in a hierarchical manner. Since you can easily switch between this perspective and the normal Java Perspective, the Java Browsing Perspective is a good way to avoid losing the overview of a project. 71 Organizing Your Code Figure 4.15
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Figure 4.14 Figure 4.14 shows the content of the Libraries page in the Project Properties after adding the FreeTTS JARs. What is still missing is the source code for the FreeTTS binaries. This code is contained in the downloaded freetts-srcs-1_2_beta.zip file. You must associate this file only with the corresponding packages of the FreeTTS project. Here s how it s done. In the Package Explorer select freetts.jar and invoke the Properties context function. In the dialog that appears, select Java Source Attachment for the package properties. Then press the External File button and navigate to the freetts-srcs-1_2_beta.zip file. And that s all. If you now open a file from freetts.jar, the corresponding source code will appear in the source editor. Of course, this code cannot be edited, only viewed. (You have to repeat this process for the other external JAR files as well.) Now you should be able to do a test run. Like the very first HelloWorld program, execute the new HelloWorld program with the same Run > Run As > Java Application function. However, instead of the expected speech output, you get only the following text on the Java console: Can’t find synthesizer. Make sure that there is a “speech.properties” file at either of these locations: user.home : H:Dokumente und EinstellungenBerthold Daum java.home/lib: C:j2sdk1.4.1jrelib 70 Chapter 4
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. Importing the JAR files of the FreeTTS runtime system into the workbench. But this would separate you from future version changes. You would need to reimport new versions of these JAR files into the Eclipse workbench. . Adding the JAR files as external files to the Java Build Path. This saves you from importing these files. An additional advantage is that you don t have to keep two copies of the files. If the original files are replaced by a new version, the changes will automatically be carried through to your project. 69 Organizing Your Code Figure 4.13 Project Properties In this example I recommend that you use the second option. To add JAR files to the Java Build Path, just invoke the Project > Properties function. In the selection tree choose Java Build Path, and then open the Libraries page. Here you see only a single entry: the rt.jar Java 1.4 runtime system. Press the Add External Jars button and navigate to the directory FreeTTSlib. From the JAR files now listed in this dialog (cmu_time_awb.jar, …, jsapi.jar), select all files and then press the Open button. These files are now added to the Libraries list (Figure 4.14). Then press the OK button and see what happens. All the error markers should have vanished! (If not, you ll need to rebuild the project by calling the Build Project context function.)
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must unpack the JSAPI (Java Speech API) because it is distributed under a different license model. To do so you just need to execute the jsapi.exe program in the FreeTTSlib folder. You could now follow the FreeTTS installation guide and make a test run of FreeTTS. However, don t do that here. Instead, import the system into the Eclipse workbench. To import third-party software, follow these steps: 1. First, create a new project under the name FreeTTS. When doing so, mark the Create Separate Source and Output Folders option. 2. In the new project select the src folder and invoke the Import Wizard with the Import context function. 3. In the next dialog, you will see a list with all sorts of import sources. Select Filesystem and press the Next button. 4. In the next dialog that appears, press the Browse button and navigate to the FreeTTS demoJSAPIHelloWorld folder. This folder now appears in the left window of the dialog. Select it, and at the right-hand side you will see all the files contained in that folder (see Figure 4.12). There, place a checkmark on the HelloWorld.java file and press the Finish button. 68 Chapter 4 Figure 4.12 If everything has worked correctly, the imported HelloWorld.java program should now be in a default package of the FreeTTS project (Figure 4.13). But there are a lot of error markers, too! This is to be expected the FreeTTS runtime system is still missing. You have two options:
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Figure 4.11 In addition, under Window > Preferences > Workbench > Perspectives you can control how to open a new perspective: either in the current workbench window or in a new workbench window. The latter option, however, makes sense only if you are lucky enough to own a very large screen. On smaller screens you may want to use the Eclipse workbench in its maximum size. In this case, the perspective icons on the Perspective bar of the workbench window (top right) are the perfect way to change perspectives. Another option allows you to create a new perspective automatically when a new project is created, so that each project has its own perspective. Again, you can open the new perspective in the current workbench window or in a new workbench window. Importing Files You are now going to teach your HelloWorld program to talk. Since version 1.4, Java has contained a speech interface, the Java Speech API (JSAPI). A standard implementation of the interface, FreeTTS, is available for free and can be downloaded from the Internet. FreeTTS has its roots in the speech synthesizer Flite but was ported completely to Java. An interesting fact is that FreeTTS is considerably faster than Flite. Even in terms of speed, Java seems more and more to outperform C++. FreeTTS (Version 1.2.0) is found at //sourceforge.net/projects/freetts. After downloading the binary and source files that amount together to about 24 MB (a real flyweight compared to the Eclipse SDK distribution), unpack the downloaded binaries into an arbitrary directory. In addition, you 67 Organizing Your Code
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Figure 4.10 The modified workbench configuration shown in the previous figure is stored here as a new perspective under the name Java (Search docked to Problems). Configuring Perspectives With the Window > Customize Perspective function (Figure 4.11) you can change certain aspects of the current perspective: . The Shortcuts tab allows you to define which items should be listed directly in a given submenu (otherwise, you would have to click through Others to get to the desired item). Shortcuts can be defined for the File > New, Window > Open Perspective, and Window > Show View submenus. . The Commands tab allows you to define which command groups (action sets) should be visible in the menu bar and toolbar of the current perspective. You can also invoke this function conveniently by clicking the toolbar with the right mouse button. With the Window > Customize Perspective > Commands function you can remove whole command groups (action sets) from a perspective or add new command groups. The windows in the middle and at the right show how the selected command group would influence the menu and the toolbar. 66 Chapter 4
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Opening and Closing Windows Closing a window is trivial: clicking the window s Close button in the top-right corner or pressing Ctrl+F4 does the job. But how do you open it again? . For editor windows this is simple: double-clicking the corresponding resource in the Resource Navigator or the Package Explorer will open the resource under the editor previously in use. . For view windows, use the Window > Show View > function and select the view that you want to open. By the way, if you want to close all editor windows, just invoke File > Close All or press Ctrl+Shift+F4. Maximizing Windows All windows in the workbench can be maximized. Double-clicking the tag of a view or of an editor page or clicking the Maximize icon maximizes the corresponding window, that is, the window occupies all the space in the workbench window. Double-clicking the tag again or clicking the Restore icon restores the previous window layout. Minimizing Views Views also have a Minimize icon. Clicking this icon will shrink the view (and all views that are stacked in the same area) to the mere title bar. Clicking the Restore icon will bring the view back to its old size and position. Managing Perspectives A perspective defines a specific combination of editors, views, and menus within the workbench. In this chapter you already encountered the Resource Perspective and the Java Perspective. In Chapter 6 you will get acquainted with the Debug Perspective. Defining New Perspectives Let s assume that you have now arranged all the windows in the Java Perspective to your liking. Is it possible to store these preferences? You can save this layout with the Window > Save Perspective As function (see Figure 4.10). In the Name field of this function s dialog you can define a name for the new perspective. If you later want to return to the original Java Perspective, you can do so by invoking the Window > Reset Perspective function or by invoking Window > Close Perspective followed by Window > Open Perspective. 65 Organizing Your Code
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Stacked Windows Another option is to stack several windows in front of each other. By clicking the tag of a window you can bring this window to the top. You can stack a window in front of another window by dragging its title area or tag to the target window. When the cursor changes to a stack symbol, release it. Desktop Windows A further option is to place a view window as a separate window on the desktop outside the workbench window. However, this option is available only under Windows and Linux GTK. Just grap the view at its tag and pull it over the desktop area. FastView FastView can minimize a window in the FastView bar of the workbench: the window is represented by an icon. However, the FastView bar is visible only when it contains at least one view. To convert a view into a FastView, right-click the view s tag and invoke the FastView context function. The FastView bar has context functions, too. With the Orientation function you can determine whether a FastView should be expanded vertically or horizontally. Clicking the FastView function removes the checkmark from it and restores the view to its original state. With the Dock On function you can change the position of the FastView bar: at the bottom of the workbench (the default), at the right, or at the left. In Figure 4.9 I dragged the Search View to the left edge of the Problems View so that both views are visible side by side. 64 Chapter 4 Figure 4.9
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. Case Sensitive. If this option is checked, the search is performed in case-sensitive mode. . Wrap Search. If this option is checked, searching continues at the beginning of the search area when the end is reached (or at the end of the search area when the beginning is reached, in case of searching backward). Otherwise, a message prompt is displayed. . Whole Word. If this option is checked, only whole words are searched for. . Incremental. If this option is checked, the search begins immediately when the first character of the search string is entered. When more characters are entered, the search operation continues as necessary. . Regular Expression. If this option is checked, the search expression is interpreted as a regular expression. Press F1 to obtain help on the syntax of regular expressions, or press Ctrl+Spacebar to obtain a content assistant that helps you with the construction of regular expressions. Capture groups defined in the Find expression are considered, and the results can be used in the Replace expression. Eclipse offers more Find functions that correspond to these options, such as Edit > Find Next, Edit > Find Previous, and Edit > Incremental Find. Marking Name Occurrences If you switch on the Mark Occurrences in File option under Window > Preferences > Mark Occurrences, the editor will from then on, when you select a syntactical element, mark all elements in the same file that carry the same name. Since these markers also appear on the right ruler, you can easily navigate to such an element by moving the scrollbar. In many cases this can save a tedious search. Within the Preferences you may, in addition, specify which kind of elements are affected by this option: all types, all methods, all constants, fields, variables, etc. If you mark the Sticky option, the marks will stay around even if the originating element is no longer selected. This feature can be quickly switched on or off via the Mark Occurrences button. Arranging Editors and Views The layout of the different windows in the Eclipse workbench is not fixed and can be configured by the user (with some restrictions). There are essentially three ways in which you can arrange windows within the workbench. Docked Windows You can place a window to the left or right of another window or below or above that window. Using this technique, all windows stay visible, but their size shrinks with each new window. You can dock a window to another window by dragging its title area or tag to the edge of the target window. When the cursor changes to a fat arrow, just drop the window. 63 Organizing Your Code
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