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Figure 4.7 Find and Replace Besides the Search function discussed above, Eclipse, of course, provides a function for finding and replacing strings in text files. With the Edit > Find/Replace function you can obtain a dialog (see Figure 4.8) where you can enter the search string and additional search options. If you call this function while a string is selected, the selected string will be used as the search string. 62 Chapter 4 Next entry Previous entry Delete selected entry Delete all entries Expand all Collapse all Group by folder Group by package Group by file Group by type Stop searching Previous search results Figure 4.8 The Find/Replace dialog (Figure 4.8) supports searching for character strings and replacing such strings with others. Since Eclipse 3 this function supports regular expressions during finding as well as replacing. When searching, you can search forward or backward and restrict the search to the selected text area. In addition there are further options:
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Figure 4.6 In the case of a Java Search you can search for the name of a type, method, package, constructor, or field. You can qualify this name completely or only partially. In addition, you can restrict the search by constraints. You can search only for declarations, only for references, or for both. In case of fields, you can restrict the search to read or write accesses. The search scope can be limited to the selected resources only or to working sets (named resource sets). Besides the Java Search, the Search dialog features additional pages for searching in generic files (this mode also includes a Replace button), for searching in the help system, and for searching plug-ins. With the Customize button you can hide and show specific Search dialog pages. The results of a search are always shown in the Search View. In the standard Java perspective, the Search View is stacked with the Tasks View. After selecting the Hierarchical Layout option from the view s menu, you can group the search results by project, package, file, or class by pressing the appropriate Search View tool button. By using the up- and down-arrows in the toolbar of the Search View, you can easily step through all the occurrences of the search item. The corresponding compilation unit is automatically opened in the source editor. The position of the search item is shown on the left margin of the source editor with a yellow arrow. It is useful to know that the Search View keeps track of the search history. You can recall previous search results by pressing the Previous Search Results button or via the Search Views drop-down menu. The Search View shows all compilation units in which the sought item was found (Figure 4.7). If this item occurs several times in the same compilation unit, the number of occurrences is shown in parentheses at the end of the entry. Double-clicking an entry in the Search View opens the corresponding compilation unit in the source editor. 61 Organizing Your Code
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. Open Super Implementation. This function is available only for elements that override an inherited feature. When applied, the inherited feature is opened in the source editor. . Cut, Copy, Paste, Delete. These are the usual copy and delete functions but they are applied to the element selected in the Outline View. . Refactor > . Various functions for refactoring code (see the Refactoring Code section in Chapter 2). . Source > . Various functions for automatic source code completion (see the Automatic Code Completion section in Chapter 2). . References > . Searches for references to the selected element (see next section). . Declarations > . Searches for definitions of the selected elements (see next section). . Read Access > . Searches for read access to the selected field (see next section). . Write Access > . Searches for write access to the selected field (see next section). . Occurrences in File. Lists the occurrences of the selected item in the Search View (see next section). . Toggle Watchpoint. This function appears only on field entries and belongs to the debugger s tool set (see Chapter 6). . Toggle Method Breakpoint. This function appears only on method entries and belongs to the debugger s tool set (see Chapter 6). . Compare With > , Replace With > , Restore from Local History .With these functions you can compare the current version of an element with a previous version from the Local History, or you can restore a previous version (see the Local History section in Chapter 2). Searching Searching and Finding are different tasks in Eclipse: The Search function performs a search over the whole Eclipse workspace. The Find function, in contrast, searches for a string in the currently active document. The Search Function The powerful Eclipse Search function consists of two components: the Search dialog for entering the search criteria and the view containing the search results (see the following two figures). If the Search function is called from the toolbar of the Eclipse workbench or from the Eclipse main menu, you first get the dialog for entering the search criteria. If you call the function as a context function, this step is omitted, since the search criteria are already defined by the context. The dialog for entering search criteria has several pages (depending on the installed plug-ins). In Figure 4.6 the dialog contains a page for searching in generic files, a page for searching within the Eclipse help system, a page for Java-specific searching (opened), and a page for searching plug-ins. 60 Chapter 4
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Icon Meaning public method protected method private method default method (without modifier) public field protected field private field default field (without modifier) In addition to this first icon, additional icons can add information about the entry: Icon Meaning constructor static element final element overridden element You can change the representation of the Outline View under Window > Preferences > Java > Appearance: . Show Method Return Types. Displays the result type of methods in the Outline View. . Show Override Indicators. Displays the indicator for methods that override inherited methods. . Show Member in Package Explorer. If this option is set, methods and fields are also shown in the Package Explorer as child elements of classes and interfaces. Most of the Outline View functions are in this case available in the Package Explorer, too. Context Functions The Outline View offers a rich variety of context functions. The most important of these functions are also available as toolbar buttons (see previous figure). Here is an overview of these functions: . Open Type Hierarchy. Shows the type hierarchy for the selected element (see Figure 4.5). This function can be applied not only to single types but also to whole packages or projects. . Open Call Hierarchy. Shows the call hierarchy for the selected method. 59 Organizing Your Code
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Sort (activated) Hide fields (activated) Hide static elements Hide non-public elements Hide inner types Anonymous inner class Figure 4.5 For Java programs, the Outline View displays entries for fields and methods and also for import statements. If inner classes are defined, these classes also appear in the Outline View; the main type and the inner types form a tree structure. The buttons on the Outline toolbar allow you to restrict the Outline View to specific entry types. Fields and methods can be sorted in alphabetical order by pushing the Sort button (otherwise, their order corresponds to their definition sequence in the source file). Single-clicking such an entry positions the source editor on the corresponding element. Apart from this facility for quick navigation, the Outline View offers a few more functions. But I ll start with the graphical representation of the entries within the Outline View. Representation The first icon in front of an Outline View entry represents the entry type (package, import statement, interface, class, method, field) and the visibility (public, protected, private). Icon Meaning import statement interface class 58 Chapter 4
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Figure 4.4 In the toolbar of the lower window you can find additional functions. The first button affects the upper window. It restricts the view to only those types that implement the field or method selected in the lower window. When you push the second button, the lower window will also show the methods and fields that are inherited by the selected type. The remaining buttons are the same as in the Outline View (see the next section). The Type Hierarchy Browser can be useful when you want to analyze existing projects and libraries. When creating a new project you will need this browser only when the project becomes bigger. A faster method for displaying the type hierarchy is pressing the F4 function key, which acts as a shortcut for the Open Type Hierarchy context function. Alternatively, you can use the key combination Ctrl+T to display the type hierarchy in a pop-up window. The Outline View The Outline View (Figure 4.5) supports navigation within a source file. In general, the Outline View is not restricted to Java sources but supports depending on the plug-ins installed other file types as well. 57 Organizing Your Code Complete Type Hierarchy Supertypes Subtypes History
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Figure 4.3 Navigation The Package Explorer is equipped with similar navigation functions to the Resource Navigator. Here, too, are the Go Into and Open in New Window context functions, and in the toolbar there are buttons for the Back, Forward, and Up To functions. Under the toolbar s drop-down menu you can find the same functions for managing working sets and for synchronizing with the editor. Furthermore, you have the possibility of opening the type hierarchy browser discussed in the next section. Hierarchy The type hierarchy shows the super types and subtypes for classes and interfaces. You can restrict the view to super types or subtypes only or show the complete hierarchy. By using the History function you can quickly change between the different views, or you can display previously displayed type hierarchies again (see Figure 4.4). 56 Chapter 4

In the upper window you see a list of registered file types. By using the Add and Remove buttons, you can add new file types or delete existing ones. In the lower window, the registered editors for the currently selected filename extension are shown. Here, too, you can add new editors or remove existing editors. By using the Default button, you can declare a specific editor as the default editor for that file type. When you press the Add button, you first get a list of internal editors, i.e., editors that are implemented as Eclipse plug-ins. If you click the External Programs button, you get a list of the applications that are registered in the host operating system for the selected file type. By double-clicking such an application, you can select it as a new editor for this file type. In Figure 4.2 the file associations are defined. First the filename pattern *.html was added, and then Microsoft FrontPage was associated with this file type. Packages Switch back to the Java perspective. The picture you see now is quite different: the Package Explorer shows the different projects with their package structure and the compilation units. Folders and Packages Packages are not real resources but virtual objects. The package structure of a project is derived from the package declaration at the beginning of each Java source file. The Java specification, however, requires that the package structure of a project be isomorphic to the project s directory structure. For example, all resources of the com.sun.speech.freetts.relp package must be stored under the relative path com/sun/speech/freetts/relp, as shown in Figure 4.3. In Eclipse, the path is always relative to the project s source code root directory. In our case, the relative path com/sun/speech/freetts/relp is equivalent to the host platform path: eclipseworkspaceDukeSpeakscomsunspeechfreettsrelp Each package can be uniquely mapped onto a node in the resource tree. Compilation units, in contrast, can consist of several resources: the source file and one or several binary files. In the case of the AnimatedAudioPlayer class there are two binary files: one for AnimatedAudioPlayer and one for the JavaClipLineListener inner class. 55 Organizing Your Code
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Associations In Eclipse the type of a file is usually determined by its filename extension. (It is also possible to assign specific file types to fully qualified filenames.) In the previous figure you saw text-based files such as .java and .html files but also binary files such as the .class files. The file type (and thus the filename extension) controls what happens when a file is opened. For example, if you click a .java file with the right mouse button, you get a pop-up menu with context functions. When you select the Open With submenu, you get another pop-up menu with editors. In the first menu section you see the editor that was used last for this file (in the current case, the Java source editor). The second section shows all editors that are registered for that filename extension in the current case these are the Text Editor and the System Editor. The Text Editor is the text editor that is contained in the Eclipse SDK, which can be used for all text-based files. The System Editor is the editor that is registered under the host platform for that file type. Eclipse is able to start such editors from the workbench; for example, if you open an HTML file, the host platform s web browser is started. Most of the file associations (which editor works with which file type) are determined by the Eclipse plug-ins. However, it is also possible to add or modify such associations manually. To do so, just invoke Window > Preferences > Workbench > File Associations (Figure 4.2). 54 Chapter 4 Figure 4.2
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By default, the resources of the Eclipse workbench are stored in the (host) directory eclipse workspace. Each project is contained in a corresponding subdirectory. For example, the AnimationEvent.java resource shown in the previous figure is stored in the path eclipse workspaceDukeSpeakscomsunspeechfreettsrelpAnimationEvent.java. Of course, it is possible to create a workspace directory in a different location by specifying the command-line option -data when starting Eclipse eclipse.exe -data C:myOldWorkSpace or by specifying a different workspace in the Workspace Launcher (see the Installing Eclipse section in Chapter 1). Synchronizing Resources For each resource in the workbench, Eclipse stores some metadata in the eclipseworkspace .metadata directory. Sometimes it happens that the state of a resource in eclipseworkspace does not match the state of the corresponding metadata. In particular, this happens when a workspace file is modified outside Eclipse, for example, by modifying it with an external tool. This is not a tragedy. All you have to do is select the resource that is out of sync and apply the Refresh context function. This function can be applied not only to single resources but also to folders and projects, so that you can easily resynchronize a whole directory tree. Navigation The following context functions and tool buttons in the navigator s context menu and toolbar are available for navigation: . Go Into. This function reduces the current view to the content of the selected project or folder. This function can be particularly useful when your workspace consists of thousands of resources. . Back. This button (arrow to the left) returns to the previous view. . Forward. This button (arrow to the right) reverts the previous Back operation. . Up To. This button (folder symbol) goes into the next-higher folder or project. . Open in New Window. This function works similarly to Go Into but opens a new window (with a complete workbench!) in which only the contents of the selected project or folder are shown in the navigator. The menu of the navigator s toolbar (under the small triangle) offers further functions: . The Sort function allows files to be sorted by name or type. . The Filters function allows files with specific filename extensions to be excluded from the navigator. . The Link with Editor function enables automatic synchronization of the resource selection with the editor content. When you switch editors (by clicking on tags), the selection in the navigator changes accordingly. . The Select Working Set function allows you to select a named working set in order to restrict the resources shown in the navigator to the resources belonging to the selected working set. This function also allows you to define new working sets. . The Deselect Working Set function removes the working set restrictions from the navigator. . The Edit Active Working Set function allows you to modify the current working set. Organizing Your Code 53
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