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. The source editor automatically shows the corresponding source code, and the Variables View shows the variables of this execution environment. . You can modify variables. By double-clicking a variable in the Variables View you can open an editor for the variable s value and modify the value. Alternatively, you can edit the value in the Details section of the Variables View and then assign it by invoking the Assign Value context function. . By applying the Watch context function to individual variables you can add those variables to the Expressions window. As you step through the program, the variables in the Expressions window will be updated when their value changes. This provides a way to monitor specific variables during program execution. HotSwap During a debug session you can apply changes to the program code and save (and compile) the changed code. In many cases provided you run under JDK 1.4 the debug session need not be restarted but can continue with the modified module in place (HotSwap). In some cases, however for example, when the signature of a public method is changed using HotSwap is impossible. In this case you are prompted whether to abort or restart execution. Testing Expressions In the Display View (and also in the Details area of the Expression View), you can enter expressions that can be executed within the current execution context (see also the discussion of the Scrapbook in Chapter 1). To do so, select the entered expression and invoke the Inspect or Display context function. For example, if you execute the getBackground() expression while in the execution context of Player.paint() (see above), the Display function will deliver the background color of player. Managing Breakpoints The Breakpoints View shows an overview of all defined breakpoints. Here, you can delete breakpoints that you don t need anymore or position the source editor to a breakpoint position by double-clicking it. With the Disable context function you can disable a breakpoint temporarily. With Enable you can activate it again. The Properties context function allows further customization of breakpoints (Figure 6.3). The breakpoint properties dialog allows for detailed instrumentation of a breakpoint. By setting a hit count, the breakpoint is activated only after several passes through it. You can also specify an additional condition under which the breakpoint should become active. The breakpoint is activated either when the Boolean value of the condition is true or when the value of the condition changes, depending on the option chosen. Another useful function of the Breakpoints View is the Add Java Exception Breakpoint function (the button with the exclamation mark). When invoking this function you can select an exception type from a list. Usually, Eclipse aborts program execution when an uncaught exception occurs and shows you the stack trace. But with this function, you can interrupt directly at the point where the exception occurs and look into variables and so on. Better still, you can even optionally trap exceptions that are caught in a try/catch block. It is a good idea to set Java Exception Breakpoints for common uncaught exception types such as NullPointerException, ClassCastException, and IndexOutOfBoundsException. 117 Project Development
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. Step Over (F6). Used on a method call, this function will step over the invoked method (provided the method does not contain active breakpoints). . Step Return (F7). The current method is executed in normal mode. When the method returns, step mode is reactivated. . Step with Filters (Shift+F5). When you use this function the step operation is influenced by the step filters defined in the preferences (see the Debug Configuration section). All other functions ignore the step filters. After executing a program step by step, you can retrace the single steps backwards by pressing the Back navigation button (see the Navigation section in Chapter 4)! Setting Breakpoints How do you start a debug session? You would usually set a breakpoint at an interesting location in your program. This is easily done by double-clicking the left margin of the Java source editor. It doesn t matter if you do this in the Java Perspective or in the Debug Perspective. You can remove the breakpoint with another double-click at the same position. Now, set a breakpoint onto the Dimension d = getSize() instruction in the paintComponent() method in the Face class, as shown in the previous figure. When you start the debug process by clicking the Debug button, the program will stop at this instruction. The variable values of the current object appear in the window at the right-hand side. Testing Interactively You have now the following possibilities: . You can continue the execution of the program by pressing F8. The program will be interrupted only when it passes this breakpoint again. . You can stop execution by clicking the Terminate button. . You can execute the getSize() method step by step by pressing the F5 key. . You can step over the getSize() method by pressing the F6 key. . You can set further breakpoints, or you can remove breakpoints. Variables You have the following options for variables: . You can view the content of variables by hovering with the cursor over a variable name in the source editor. . In the Variables View you can take a closer look at the variables of the current execution environment. Complex objects can be expanded by clicking the + character (or by double-clicking the variable name) so that you can view their details. . In the execution stack in the Debug window you can select a different execution environment. For example, you may select: Player(java.awt.Container).paint(java .awt.Graphics) line 1123. 116 Chapter 6
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Figure 6.2 Controlling Program Execution The toolbar of the Debug window is equipped with all the buttons needed to control the execution of the current program. Most of these functions, however, can be called via function keys, which is much faster. From left to right you see the following: . Resume (F8). Continues the execution of an interrupted thread. . Suspend. Interrupts the execution of a running thread. This function is especially useful when the thread is looping. . Terminate. The execution of a running or interrupted program is terminated. . Disconnect. This function is required to finish debugging a remote program (remote debugging). . Remove All Terminated Launches. This function removes garbage from the Debug View. . Step Into (F5). Used on a method call, this function will step into the invoked method. In program lines containing multiple method calls, however, this function steps through all of them. In such cases, it is better to select the method call in question and use the Step into Selection context function. 115 Project Development
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Under Window > Preferences > Java > Debug > Step Filtering, you can specify which classes should be skipped when stepping though a program. These settings are used during the Step with Filters operation (Figure 6.1). 114 Chapter 6 Figure 6.1 Some step filters are predefined so that you can simply activate them with a checkmark (by default only the Java class loader is skipped). You can also add other classes, packages, or generic filter expressions to the list, however. The Debug Perspective You can start debugging by clicking the bug symbol in the workbench s toolbar. This function is very similar to the Run function (see the Hello World section in Chapter 1) with the difference that execution is interrupted at breakpoints. You can also make Eclipse automatically switch to the Debug Perspective by specifying Always for the Switch to Associated Perspective When Launching option in Window > Preferences > Run/Debug > Launching. Alternatively, you can specify Always for the Switch to Associated Perspective When a Breakpoint Is Hit option in Window > Preferences > Run/Debug. The Debug Perspective contains the same windows as the Java Perspective plus two more. Figure 6.2 shows the Debug Perspective. In the top-left corner you see the Debug window listing the active threads. Under the thread [AWT-Event-Queue-0] the execution stack with the method call hierarchy is displayed. In the top-right corner the variables of the current execution context are shown. Behind this view are three more stacked views: Breakpoints, Expressions, and Display. Variable values can be displayed, too, by hovering with the mouse over a variable name in the editor.
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Project Development In the first part of this chapter I discuss the Eclipse Java Debugger in detail. I will show how the debugger can be configured, introduce the Debug Perspective, and explain how to create and manage breakpoints and watchpoints. In the second part I will introduce the JUnit test tool, which is part of the Eclipse SDK distribution. Finally, in the third part I will show how Javadoc documentation can be exported. Debugging Searching for bugs in a complex application is always a time-consuming task. A powerful debugger can be of great help here. Fortunately, the Eclipse Java IDE is equipped with a full-featured debugger that leaves hardly anything to be desired. This debugger has two operation modes: local and remote. Here, I will discuss local debugging. Later, in the Remote Debugging section. I will then show how the debugger is used in a remote scenario. The Debug Configuration Like many other parts of the Eclipse workbench, the Debugger can be configured by the user in various ways. For example, under Window > Preferences > Java > Debug > Detail Formatters, you can specify how the values of Java types are to be displayed in the Details section of the Variables View. The default formatting uses the toString() method for displaying the variable s value. To add a new formatter, press the Add button, enter or browse for a type, and then enter a code snippet to be applied to instances of this type. For example, if you want to display the text content of objects of type org.eclipse.jface.text.Document in the Details View, select this type and enter get() as the code snippet for detail formatting. 6
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If the API is not well understood or subject to change, you should create the implementation first. Later you can derive the interface from the implementation (see the Refactoring Code section in Chapter 2). . If it later becomes necessary to extend the interface definition, you can pull down these extensions into the implementation by using the Source > Override Methods context function or by using the Content Assistant. . Javadoc comments should be always created with the Source > Add JavaDoc Comment context function or by entering /**. This helps to achieve consistent and complete API documentation. . Completing the Create a New Java Class dialog carefully is well worth the effort. By specifying super classes and interfaces and by marking the various options, you can save considerable typing, because Eclipse will generate the method and constructor stubs for you. . After making large changes in a compilation unit you should call the Source > Organize Imports context function. This function adds missing import statements and removes unused ones. . Using the Code Assistant (Ctrl+Spacebar) for program constructs, type, and fieldnames saves you a lot of typing and a lot of searching in the documentation and can possibly protect you from RSI (repetitive strain injury). At the same time, the Code Assistant can generate the necessary import statements (if this option was set in the preferences). Ctrl+Spacebar should become the typical gesture of an Eclipse programmer. In the next chapter we will look at testing and debugging Java applications with Eclipse. 111 Project One: Duke Speaks
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All binary objects of your DukeSpeaks project are now combined in a single JAR file. To run the player successfully outside Eclipse, you obviously also need the FreeTTS JARs that you previously added as external JARs to the project s Java Build Path in the Classpath of the JVM. Therefore, the Classpath must contain the dukeSpeaks.jar, cmuawb.jar, cmukal16.jar, cmukal8.jar, cmulex.jar, cmutimelex. jar, and freetts.jar JARs. A JRE of Version 1.4.0 or higher is required to run this program successfully. Bibliography The main purpose of this chapter has been to acquaint you with practical work in the Eclipse workbench. You have learned how third-party projects can be imported into the Eclipse workspace and how they can be navigated and modified. You also have also seen how the various assistants are used to create code efficiently. In the course of this example I could only scratch the surface of the technologies used. Therefore, I want to give some pointers as to where to get more information about these technologies: . There are several excellent Swing tutorials. In particular, I want to mention the chapter User Interfaces that Swing in the official Java tutorial from JavaSoft (www.javasoft.com). Matthew Robinson and Pavel Vorobiev have written a remarkable book about Swing, simply called Swing. . The FreeTTS documentation contains valuable information about speech synthesis in general and FreeTTS speech synthesis in particular. You will also find some links to related articles there. . The application implemented here shows only lip synchronization of the simplest kind. Also, the rendering of the face is rather minimalist. The current state of the art is 3-D animations in which each facial muscle can be moved separately. Depending on the text content it is even possible to express emotions. Searching the Web for lip synchronization will result in some interesting links. The DECFace project is particularly interesting: details can be found at crl.research.compaq.com/projects/facial/facial.html. Summary With this project you have now had your first experiences with Eclipse. Based on these experiences we can derive some best practices for the creation of applications with Eclipse: . If the API of a module is well understood, you should create an interface before you create the implementation. This allows you to use the interface when generating the method stubs in the implementing class. At the same time, these method stubs are automatically equipped with Javadoc comments that use the Javadoc keyword @see to refer back to the method description in the interface. 110 Chapter 5
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Figure 5.3 You can play around a bit with the speaking face. Change the speed, the pitch, or the variation. Copy other texts into the text input field (using Ctrl+V). Note that the lexicon is based on U.S. English. If you copy foreign language texts into the input field, expect Duke to speak these languages with a U.S. accent. Exporting the Application To be able to run your application outside Eclipse, export it as a JAR file. To do so, select the DukeSpeaks project and call the Export context function. In the dialog that appears, select the JAR File category. In the next dialog, checkmark the Export Generated Class Files and Resources field and remove the checkmark from the Export Java Source Files and Resources field. In addition, expand the DukeSpeaks project node and checkmark all packages. Finally, specify a target location under JAR file. Use dukeSpeaks.jar as the filename. 109 Project One: Duke Speaks
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// Register Face object as // AnimationListener with Animator object a.addAnimationListener(face); // Load the voice (mainly the lexicon) voice.allocate(); // Create a PlayerModel instance with the new voice PlayerModelImpl impl = new PlayerModelImpl(voice); // Create a PlayerPanel instance and pass the PlayerModel object // and the Face-Objekt to it. playerPanel = new PlayerPanel(impl,face); // Use the size of the PlayerPanel for the whole Player setSize(playerPanel.getContentPane().getSize()); // Insert the PlayerPanel into the Player getContentPane().add(playerPanel.getContentPane(), BorderLayout.CENTER); } main() The main() method simply creates a new Player instance and makes it visible. Before doing so it sets Swing s Look and Feel to Metal. /** * Method main. * The main() method of the Player. * * @param args (not used) * @throws Exception */ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { // Set Metal Look&Feel for Swing try { UIManager.setLookAndFeel( “javax.swing.plaf.metal.MetalLookAndFeel”); } catch(Exception e) { System.err.println(”Error setting look&feel: ” + e); } // Create new Player instance Player player = new Player(”Animated FreeTTS Player”); // and display it player.setVisible(true); } } You have now completed your application. In the Package Explorer you should now select the Player class in the DukeSpeaks project and then call the Run > Run As > Java Application function. If everything was done correctly, you will now see the window shown in Figure 5.3. 108 Chapter 5
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import com.sun.speech.freetts.audio.AnimatedAudioPlayer; import com.sun.speech.freetts.en.us.AnimatedDiphoneVoice; import com.sun.speech.freetts.en.us.CMULexicon; import com.sun.speech.freetts.en.us.cmu_us_kal.KevinVoiceDirectory; import com.sun.speech.freetts.relp.Animator; public class Player extends JFrame { private PlayerPanel playerPanel; Constructor The following code constructs the Player frame. It sets the Look and Feel for Swing, and adds a WindowListener in order to react to window close events. It then constructs an Animator object and uses this object to connect the newly created AnimatedDiphoneVoice with the Face GUI object. Finally it constructs the PlayerPanel and creates a data model instance for the player. /** * @see java.awt.Frame#Frame(String) */ public Player(String title) { super(title); // Set Look&Feel for Swing setDefaultLookAndFeelDecorated(true); // WindowListener for close button event handling addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { System.exit(0); } }); // Create new Animator object Animator a = new Animator(); // Get URL of the voice database URL url = KevinVoiceDirectory.class.getResource(”cmu_us_kal16.bin”); // Create Voice object // see com.sun.speech.freetts.en.us.cmu_us_kal.KevinVoiceDirectory AnimatedDiphoneVoice voice = new AnimatedDiphoneVoice(”kevin16″, Gender.MALE, Age.YOUNGER_ADULT, “default 16-bit diphone voice”, Locale.US, “general”, “cmu”, new CMULexicon(), url, a); // Use AnimatedAudioPlayer as audio player // for this voice // Register Animator object as LineListener voice.setAudioPlayer(new AnimatedAudioPlayer(a)); // Create Face object Face face = new Face(); // Set face border area face.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(30, 30, 10, 30)); // Set face size face.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400, 300)); 107 Project One: Duke Speaks
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